Anxiety

While anxiety has a lot to do with one's thinking and spirituality, it also has to do with
our bodies.

One physical aspect of anxiety involves centers in the brain called basal ganglia. These
centers deal with fear and fine motor skills. When we experience panic or extreme anxiety,
these centers become over-active. We may predict the worst, become shaky and become too
sensitive to body functions. We feel and experience too much. We feel our heart beating.
We are too aware. This is useful if we were in a situation where we need to escape from a
real danger. People who have had a panic attack will do everything they can not to
experience another one. It feels like certain death and loss of control. It is the
over-control that can actually make the condition worse.
Obsessive thinking can also trigger anxiety. These thoughts usually are repetitive and difficult to redirect. In brain imaging we see that when this happens, we see over activity
in the cingulated gyrus. We might worry about our health, germs, or disease. What people
think of us might start to rule our actions. We might experience intrusive thoughts about
hurting someone or ourselves. We then worry about, "why am I thinking these thoughts? Am I
going to lose my mind?" Fear of what people are going to think about us and worry about
losing control is also classic symptoms of anxiety.
It is important to know that people do recover from anxiety. The first step is to find
someone "safe" to share your feelings and what has happened. Sharing with a trust friend
can bring some relief. Sharing with a counselor can bring some good information and tools
to develop a recovery plan. Talking with someone can help us gain perspective and realize
this will pass. It is kind of like a ground wire in electricity--it stops us from
short-circuiting.

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Social psychology

Q.What is Social Psychology?

Answer> According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).

Brief History of Social Psychology:

While Plato referred to the idea of the "crowd mind" and concepts such as social loafing and social facilitation were introduced in the late-1800s, it wasn't until after World War II that research on social psychology would begin in earnest. The horrors of the Holocaust led researchers to study the effects of social influence, conformity, and obedience.

The U.S. government also became interested in applying social psychological concepts to influencing citizens. Social psychology has continued to grow throughout the twentieth century, inspiring research that has contributed to our understanding of social experience and behavior.

How Is Social Psychology Different From Other Disciplines?

It is important to understand how social psychology differs from other disciplines. Social psychology is often confused with folk wisdom, personality psychology and sociology. What makes social psychology different? Unlike folk wisdom, which relies on anecdotal observations and subjective interpretation, social psychology employs scientific methods and empirical study of social phenomena.

While personality psychology focuses on individual traits, characteristics, and thoughts, social psychology is focused on situations. Social psychologists are interested in the impact that social environment and interaction has on attitudes and behaviors.

Finally, it is important to distinguish between social psychology and sociology. While there are many similarities between the two, sociology tends to looks at social behavior and influences at a very broad-based level. Sociologists are interested in the institutions and culture that influence social psychology. Psychologists instead focus on situational variables that affect social behavior. While psychology and sociology both study similar topics, they are looking at these topics from different perspectives.

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Momory Definition and Stages

Definition of Memory:

1. The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience based on the mental processes of learning, retention, recall, and recognition.

2. the ability to recall events, experiences, information, and skills.

3.The capacity to recall previously experienced sensations, information, data and ideas.

4.Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain and later retrieve information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage and retrieval.

Have you ever wondered how you manage to remember information for a test? The ability to create new memories, store them for periods of time, and recall them when they are needed allows us to learn and interact. The study of human memory has been a subject of science and philosophy for thousands of years and has become one of the major topics of interest within cognitive psychology. But what exactly is memory? How are memories formed? The following overview offers a brief look at what memory is, how it works and how it is organized.

Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain and later retrieve information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage and retrieval.

The Stage Model of Memory:

While several different models of memory have been proposed, the stage model of memory is often used to explain the basic structure and function of memory. Initially proposed in 1968 by Atkinson and Shiffrin, this theory outlines three separate stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term (working) memory and long-term memory.

• Sensory Memory:

Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory. During this stage, sensory information from the environment is stored for a very brief period of time, generally for no longer than a half-second for visual information and 3 or 4 seconds for auditory information. We attend to only certain aspects of this sensory memory, allowing some of this information to pass into the next stage - short-term memory.

• Short-Term (Working) Memory:

Short-term memory, also known as working memory, is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. In Freudian psychology, this memory would be referred to as the conscious mind. Paying attention to sensory memories generates the information in short-term memory. Most of the information stored in working memory will be stored for approximately 20 to 30 seconds. While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this information allows it to continue on the next stage - long-term memory.

• Long-Term Memory:

Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. In Freudian psychology, long-term memory would be call the preconscious and unconscious. This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some of this information is fairly easy to recall, while other memories are much more difficult to access.

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